Contract specific documentation

 

Contract specific documentation

Contracts are here defined as aspects. Contract activation is being done by weaving ContractApsect code.

1. Syntax :

The contracts are read in docstrings since they can be considered as part of the documentation. The part of the docstring which holds contract definitions is divided in three parts : pre, post, and inv. These three parts must be grouped together in the docstring. Each part looks like:

separator: condition1 condition2 ... conditionN

where separator can either be pre, post or inv according to what type of condition you want to describe. The conditions are Python boolean expressions.

Example
def push(self, obj): """ pre: obj is not None not self.is_full() post: not self.is_empty() self.top() == obj """ raise NotImplementedError

Here, preconditions are : obj is not None and not self.is_empty(), postconditions are : not self.is_empty() and self.top() == obj.

Key words

The key words that can be used in contracts are :

  • __return__ : the value returned by the wrapped method. (This is only a keyword in postconditions.)

  • __old__ : which allows you to use the state of a variable at the beginning of the method. __old__ can only be used in post-conditions. As an example, we can write a post-condition which will check that a stack's size has been incremented after a push() call. This can be done by writing :

    """ post: self.size() == __old__.self.size() + 1 """
  • forall(sequence, mapped_func) which will check that applying mapped_func on all elements of the sequence will give a "True" result. If no "mapped_func" is given, then all the sequence elements must be 'True' for forall to return "True". In the following example, we will test that a list is well sorted (code adapted from pycontract, http://www.wayforward.net/pycontract/pep-contract.html) :

    def sort(self, array): """ post: # array size is unchanged len(array) == len(__old__.array) # array is ordered forall([array[i] >= array[i-1] for i in range(1, len(array))]) """ array.sort()
  • exists(sequence, mapped_func) which is the same as forall, but only one element has to conatin a 'True' result for exists to return True.

The code for forall and exists has been taken from http://www.wayforward.net/pycontract/pep-contract.html which defines a way to implements contracts in Python.

Inheritance

The inheritance rules are the following ones :

  • pre-conditions can only be kept or weakened through inheritance. Otherwise, it's a contract violation. As a consequence, pre-conditions in a sub-class are ORed with pre-conditions in base classes.

  • post-conditions can only be kept or strengthened, otherwise it's a contract violation. As a consequence, post-conditions in a sub-class are ANDed with post-conditions in base classes.

  • The same rules are applied for invariants and post-conditions

Exception management

If an exception is raised in the wrapped method, then post-conditions are not tested, but invariants are.